Lesson Overview

The 5 E Learning Cycle Model, as publicized through its use in the BSCS (Biological Sciences Curriculum Study) science program, incorporates five phases of learning: engagement, exploration, explanation, elaboration, and evaluation. The lessons in this curriculum follow the 5 E Model, guiding students through this powerful cycle of learning. In the descriptions of the lesson plans provided below, a notation is provided of which stage of the 5 E Learning Cycle Model aligns with each lesson plan.

Lesson One: Introduction to Animal Research

Engage: Lesson One is made up of two activities. In the first activity, students begin a unit-long written conversation (Chalk Talk) in which they explore and share their thoughts and ideas about animal research by silently responding to statements, pictures, and questions posted on the classroom walls. The posters remain on the classroom walls throughout the unit and are revisited by students in Lessons 1, 3, and 5 of the unit. This provides teachers with a formative assessment of students’ understandings about animal research and human’s uses of animals.

In the second activity, students explore a number of human activities which result in animal deaths: raising animals for food, hunting, abandoning animals in shelters (which results in euthanasia), using animals in scientific research, driving on U.S. roads and highways. Students predict the number of animals impacted by each activity and then compare their predictions to actual numbers. In addition, students take a closer look at animals used only for scientific research and make predictions about what types and how many animals are used for this purpose. Lastly, students consider any possible benefits and supervision for each category.

Lesson Two: Why Use Animals in Research?

Explore and Explain: Students begin this lesson by watching video vignettes exploring the “3 Rs” (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) which guide scientists in conducting humane research with animals. Student groups are then introduced to several types of models, including model organisms, which scientists may use to answer different types of research questions. Using a set of Research Model Card, students explore research questions and evaluate possible methods to determine the most appropriate model for answering the research questions.

Lesson Three: History of Animal Research

Explain: Students are introduced to a brief history of animal research through a timeline mapping activity. Students are asked to order the events in the timeline and highlight the occurrence of significant events. A discussion about significant events and trends helps students understand the impacts of history on today’s regulations, governing bodies, and uses of animals in research

Lesson Four: Exploring Ethical Viewpoints

Explore & Explain: In this lesson, students are introduced to duties-based and outcomes-based ethical theories through a series of actual quotes from people who hold different views on animal research. Students then role-play the stakeholder positions. First students identify their stakeholder’s stance as coming from a primarily duties-based or outcomes-based ethical perspective, when possible, and then students align themselves around the room based on their stakeholder’s assumed support or opposition to the use of animals in research. While standing with other student stakeholders holding similar views, students record their group’s top three supporting arguments. Groups with different perspectives then join together for a Structured Academic Controversy to present and listen to alternative viewpoints. Lastly, students drop their stakeholder roles and further define and justify their individual position on the issue.

Lesson Five: Case Study Decisions

Elaborate: In this lesson, students read one of three case studies involving animals in research. Students work through a Decision-Making Framework in small groups, in which they identify the ethical question, determine which facts are known or unknown, consider the values of different stakeholder groups, generate possible solutions, and then make and justify a decision about the case. This is a jigsaw exercise, in which students first meet in “like” stakeholder groups to become experts in the values and concerns of that group. Teams are then rearranged so that each new group has students from different stakeholder viewpoints. After sharing the views and values of each stakeholder group with their peers, groups work together to generate options for solutions to the case study. Lastly, students come to individual decisions about the case and write a thorough justification. [Note: Some field test teachers suggest transitioning from Lesson Four directly to the Assessment Activity and using this lesson as a reflective tool for re-visiting the topic at a later date].

Assessment

Evaluate: At the beginning of Lesson One, students engaged in a silent Chalk Talk regarding their personal understandings and beliefs about animal research. By beginning successive lessons with students adding to these conversations students are able to observe how these understandings and beliefs change and/or grow through the unit as they add to the “conversation.”

At the culmination of the daily lessons, students engage in a whole class discussion about what they observed and how their understandings and beliefs about animal research have or have not changed as a course of the activities. This provides teachers with a formative assessment of students’ understandings about animal research and the use of animals in and by society.

As a summative assessment, students will create an Action Plan of how they will exercise their personal position on the use of animals in and by society based on background information and ethical principles.